Archaic KJV Word
Sin
Modern equivalent: wrongdoing
What Was Lost
The archery metaphor. Chata and hamartia both came from the act of aiming at a target and missing. Sin was not primarily about rule-breaking but about falling short of God's design for human life -- not hitting what you were aimed at. 'All have sinned and fall short of the glory' meant all humans miss the target of reflecting God's character.
Closest Survivor in Modern English
sin (still used but understood as 'breaking God's rules' rather than 'missing the mark of human design')
Peak Usage (1611)
KJV Romans 3:23 -- 'All have sinned, and come short of the glory of God'
Died still used but moralized (~1800)
Hebrew chata ('miss the mark/fall short of the target') and Greek hamartia (archery term for missing the target) were moralized into 'breaking rules.' Sin became about violations rather than failure to reach the intended design.
What Replaced It
“wrongdoing”
Behavioral and rule-based; sin was ontological -- a failure to be what you were designed to be
“crime”
Legal and external; sin was first relational -- falling short of God's design for human flourishing
“mistake”
Accidental and trivial; sin was a serious structural failure of the human condition